When signed in April 1949, the Washington Treaty was a traditional alliance agreement in which the 12 NATO Allies promised to take adequate measures in the event of attack against any member by an external enemy. TEMPEST (Telecommunications Electronics Materials Protected from Emanating Spurious Transmissions) is a U.S. National Security Agency specification and a NATO certification referring to spying on information systems through leaking emanations, including unintentional radio or electrical signals, sounds, and vibrations. The same holds true for the central European states that tore down the Iron Curtain and joined Nato after the cold war. Both NATO and the German Federal Republic were created in 1949. The 'Iron Curtain' was a phrase used to describe the physical, ideological and military division of Europe between the western and southern capitalist states and the eastern, Soviet-dominated communist nations during the Cold War, 1945–1991. West of the Iron Curtain. To the west of the Iron Curtain were Western, Northern, and Southern European states alongside Austria, Liechtenstein, West Germany, and Switzerland who practiced democracy and some cooperated with the US and NATO. How to keep Nato fit for purpose in years to come.

Editorial Credit: shutterstock.com. Map of Europe showing the Iron Curtain dividing East from West. TEMPEST covers both methods to spy upon others and how to shield …

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